Early Evaluation Methods for Cybersecurity Programs

The OWASP® Foundation Threat and Safeguard Matrix (TaSM) is designed to provide a structured, action-oriented approach to cybersecurity planning. This work on the OWASP website by Ross Young explains how to use the OWASP TaSM and as it relates to GenAI risks: https://lnkd.in/g3ZRypWw These new risks require organizations to think beyond traditional cybersecurity threats and focus on new vulnerabilities specific to AI systems. * * * How to use the TaSM in general: 1) Identify Major Threats - Begin by listing your organization’s key risks. Include common threats like web application attacks, phishing, third-party data breaches, supply chain attacks, and DoS attacks and unique threats, such as insider risks or fraud. - Use frameworks like STRIDE-LM or NIST 800-30 to explore detailed scenarios. 2) Map Threats to NIST Cybersecurity Functions Align each threat with the NIST functions: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover. 3) Define Safeguards Mitigate threats by implementing safeguards in 3 areas: - People: Training and awareness programs. - Processes: Policies and operational procedures. - Technology: Tools like firewalls, encryption, and antivirus. 4) Add Metrics to Track Progress - Attach measurable goals to safeguards. - Summarize metrics into a report for leadership. Include KPIs to show successes, challenges, and next steps. 5) Monitor and Adjust Regularly review metrics, identify gaps, and adjust strategies. Use trends to prioritize improvements and investments. 6) Communicate Results Present a concise summary of progress, gaps, and actionable next steps to leadership, ensuring alignment with organizational goals. * * * The TaSM can be expanded for Risk Committees by adding a column to list each department’s top 3-5 threats. This allows the committee to evaluate risks across the company and ensure they are mitigated in a collaborative way. E.g., Cyber can work with HR to train employees and with Legal to ensure compliance when addressing phishing attacks that harm the brand. * * * How the TaSM connects to GenAI risks: The TaSM can be used to address AI-related risks by systematically mapping specific GenAI threats - such as sensitive data leaks, malicious AI supply chains, hallucinated promises, data overexposure, AI misuse, unethical recommendations, and bias-fueled liability - to appropriate safeguards. Focus on the top 3-4 AI threats most critical to your business and use the TaSM to outline safeguards for these high-priority risks, e.g.: - Identify: Audit systems and data usage to understand vulnerabilities. - Protect: Enforce policies, restrict access, and train employees on safe AI usage. - Detect: Monitor for unauthorized data uploads or unusual AI behavior. - Respond: Define incident response plans for managing AI-related breaches or misuse. - Recover: Develop plans to retrain models, address bias, or mitigate legal fallout.

𝐂𝐲𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐟-𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 A cyber board readiness self-assessment is a structured process for boards to evaluate their preparedness and effectiveness in overseeing cybersecurity risks and strategy. The image you provided outlines a practical, board-focused self-assessment framework based on global best practices, key questions, and clear red flags for each area. 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐟-𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 🔹 Ask the Board-Level Questions: Use the questions in each key area to guide a discussion or survey among board members. 🔹Identify Red Flags: For any area where the red flag applies, recognize it as a gap needing urgent attention. 🔹Benchmark Against Best Practices: Compare your current practices to the "Global Best Practice Expectation" column to identify areas for improvement. 🔹Assign Action Items: For each gap, assign responsibility and a timeline for remediation, ensuring follow-up and accountability. 🔹Repeat Regularly: Cyber risks evolve, so repeat this assessment at least annually or after major organizational changes. 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐆𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 🔹Industry Frameworks: Consider aligning your assessment with recognized frameworks such as NCSC’s Cyber Assessment Framework (CAF), Cyber Essentials, or ISO 27001 for a more comprehensive review. 🔹External Benchmarking: Periodically benchmark against industry peers and standards to ensure your board’s cyber oversight remains robust and current. 🔹Continuous Improvement: Use lessons learned from incidents, drills, and assessments to strengthen your cyber governance and resilience over time. In summary, This self-assessment enables boards to systematically evaluate their cyber oversight maturity, identify weaknesses, and drive continuous improvement in cybersecurity governance and risk management. 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐫 - This post has only been shared for an educational and knowledge-sharing purpose related to Technologies. #technology #learning #cybersecurity #ciso

Attention leaders who are responsible for providing guidance/oversight/etc to their cybersecurity/security programs... One of the best questions you can ask when arriving at a new organization or trying to determine your risk in a current org is to do a simple maturity assessment of the overall enterprise cybersecurity program. It's not a complete answer, but it will help you make sure you know what additional questions to ask... National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has made this simple for us with the Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) and particularly 2.0. No I don't work for NIST, but I do like free and this is free... for everyone. So yes I push free as much as I also like ISO/SOC2/etc. Just open up this doc and take a look. All you need to do is assess all the functions, categories, and sub-categories with your best guess based on input from the various elements of the security org based on CMMI scoring from 1 to 5. If you're fancy and have resources, you can contract it out to get a good independent third-party assessment. Find everything below a 3 and target to get to a 3 within a year. Assign an accountable executive at each level, with the CISO overall responsible at each function's level. Then VP/next-level/etc down for the categories and then for sub-categories. Formalize these areas of accountability across the company. Formally assign team members to each area as well and have them identify the tasks needed to mature. Drive tasks to completion... Rinse, wash, and repeat annually at a minimum. Will this compliance exercise replace security? Absolutely not, but it will help maintain visibility into all the areas where you need work (these are your risk areas!). I will always argue that you can't have effective security w/o some compliance and vice versa. If you encounter people who tell you this is a waste of time and you should just focus on security/technical controls/etc and not check the box security, they don't know what they are talking about no matter how senior they are. Figure out how to integrate them into the process and draw on their expertise, but keep driving this high-level alignment. You can gut-check the results against things like Center for Internet Security Critical Security Controls (https://lnkd.in/ezzds_eM) (Previously known at top 20) This is how you scope, assess, build, mature, and manage security programs by establishing effective governance to ensure continued improvement. Use roll-ups to brief risk to the c-suite along with key security risk through distilled metrics from vuln mgmt, sec ops, insider threat, and other areas of the program. Too easy... #cybersecurity #NIST #board #executiveleadership

🚨 Mastering IT Risk Assessment: A Strategic Framework for Information Security In cybersecurity, guesswork is not strategy. Effective risk management begins with a structured, evidence-based risk assessment process that connects technical threats to business impact. This framework — adapted from leading standards such as NIST SP 800-30 and ISO/IEC 27005 — breaks down how to transform raw threat data into actionable risk intelligence: 1️⃣ System Characterization – Establish clear system boundaries. Define the hardware, software, data, interfaces, people, and mission-critical functions within scope. 🔹 Output: System boundaries, criticality, and sensitivity profile. 2️⃣ Threat Identification – Identify credible threat sources — from external adversaries to insider risks and environmental hazards. 🔹 Output: Comprehensive threat statement. 3️⃣ Vulnerability Identification – Pinpoint systemic weaknesses that can be exploited by these threats. 🔹 Output: Catalog of potential vulnerabilities. 4️⃣ Control Analysis – Evaluate the design and operational effectiveness of current and planned controls. 🔹 Output: Control inventory with performance assessment. 5️⃣ Likelihood Determination – Assess the probability that a given threat will exploit a specific vulnerability, considering existing mitigations. 🔹 Output: Likelihood rating. 6️⃣ Impact Analysis – Quantify potential losses in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information assets. 🔹 Output: Impact rating. 7️⃣ Risk Determination – Integrate likelihood and impact to determine inherent and residual risk levels. 🔹 Output: Ranked risk register. 8️⃣ Control Recommendations – Prioritize security enhancements to reduce risk to acceptable levels. 🔹 Output: Targeted control recommendations. 9️⃣ Results Documentation – Compile the process, findings, and mitigation actions in a formal risk assessment report for governance and audit traceability. 🔹 Output: Comprehensive risk assessment report. When executed properly, this process transforms IT threat data into strategic business intelligence, enabling leaders to make informed, risk-based decisions that safeguard the organization’s assets and reputation. 👉 Bottom line: An organization’s resilience isn’t built on tools — it’s built on a disciplined, repeatable approach to understanding and managing risk. #CyberSecurity #RiskManagement #GRC #InformationSecurity #ISO27001 #NIST #Infosec #RiskAssessment #Governance

Cybersecurity is not proven by policies alone—it is proven by testing how defenses perform under pressure. A mature security program goes beyond preventive controls. The real measure of resilience lies in continuous cybersecurity testing across people, process, and technology. This infographic highlights the end-to-end cybersecurity testing lifecycle, showing how organizations validate their control environment against real-world threats. 🔹 1) Vulnerability Assessments Identify weaknesses across infrastructure, endpoints, applications, and cloud environments before attackers do. 🔹 2) Penetration Testing Simulate controlled attacks to validate whether exploitable vulnerabilities can lead to unauthorized access or business impact. 🔹 3) Red Team Testing A full-scope adversary simulation that tests not just technical controls, but also detection, response, escalation, and resilience. 🔹 4) Social Engineering Testing Evaluate human-layer risks such as phishing susceptibility, manipulation, and awareness effectiveness. 🔹 5) End-to-End Testing Process A strong testing lifecycle typically follows: ✔ Planning & scoping ✔ Discovery & scanning ✔ Controlled exploitation ✔ Reporting & risk rating ✔ Remediation validation ✔ Retesting & closure 🔹 6) Key Testing Enablers Modern programs combine: ✔ Automated scanning ✔ Manual validation ✔ Attack simulation tools ✔ Phishing platforms ✔ Threat intelligence inputs ✔ Continuous exposure monitoring The real strength of testing is that it supports the CIA triad in action: ✔ Confidentiality – Protect sensitive data ✔ Integrity – Prevent unauthorized changes ✔ Availability – Strengthen operational resilience Most importantly, cybersecurity testing transforms security from a compliance requirement into measurable assurance. The goal is not to “pass a test.” The goal is to continuously improve defense readiness before threats become incidents. Kalesha & co Next Gen Assure #CyberSecurity #PenetrationTesting #VulnerabilityManagement #RedTeam #SocialEngineering #InformationSecurity #CyberResilience #RiskManagement #SecurityTesting #GRC #Compliance #ISO27001 #SOC2