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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/database-engine/configure-windows/contained-database-authentication-server-configuration-option.md
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A contained database includes all database settings and metadata required to define the database and has no configuration dependencies on the instance of the [!INCLUDE[ssDE](../../includes/ssde-md.md)] where the database is installed. Users can connect to the database without authenticating a login at the [!INCLUDE[ssDE](../../includes/ssde-md.md)] level. Isolating the database from the Database Engine makes it possible to easily move the database to another instance of [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)]. Including all the database settings in the database enables database owners to manage all the configuration settings for the database. For more information about contained databases, see [Contained Databases](../../relational-databases/databases/contained-databases.md).
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> [!NOTE]
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> Contained databases are always enabled for [!INCLUDE[ssSDS_md](../../includes/sssds-md.md)] and [!INCLUDE[ssSDW_md](../../includes/sssdw-md.md)] and cannot be disabled.
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> Contained databases are always enabled for [!INCLUDE[ssSDS_md](../../includes/sssds-md.md)] and [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)] and cannot be disabled.
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If an instance of [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)] has any contained databases the **contained database authentication** setting can be set to 0 by using the **RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDE** statement. Setting **contained database authentication** to 0 will disable contained database authentication for the contained databases.
|[Clustered columnstore index](#use-a-clustered-columnstore-index-for-large-data-warehouse-tables)| Use for:<br /><br />1) Traditional data warehouse workload with a star or snowflake schema<br /><br />2) Internet of Things (IOT) workloads that insert large volumes of data with minimal updates and deletes. | Average of 10x |
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|[Ordered clustered columnstore index](#use-an-ordered-clustered-columnstore-index-for-large-data-warehouse-tables)|*Applies to [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse_md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse_md.md)] and [!INCLUDE[sql-server-2022](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)] and above*<br />Use when a clustered columnstore index is queried via a single ordered predicate column or column set. This guidance is similar to choosing the key column(s) for a rowstore clustered index, though the compressed underlying rowgroups behave differently. For more information, see [CREATE COLUMNSTORE INDEX](../../t-sql/statements/create-columnstore-index-transact-sql.md#order) and [Performance tuning with ordered clustered columnstore index](/azure/synapse-analytics/sql-data-warehouse/performance-tuning-ordered-cci). | Average of 10x |
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|[Ordered clustered columnstore index](#use-an-ordered-clustered-columnstore-index-for-large-data-warehouse-tables)|*Applies to [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)] and [!INCLUDE[sql-server-2022](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)] and above*<br />Use when a clustered columnstore index is queried via a single ordered predicate column or column set. This guidance is similar to choosing the key column(s) for a rowstore clustered index, though the compressed underlying rowgroups behave differently. For more information, see [CREATE COLUMNSTORE INDEX](../../t-sql/statements/create-columnstore-index-transact-sql.md#order) and [Performance tuning with ordered clustered columnstore index](/azure/synapse-analytics/sql-data-warehouse/performance-tuning-ordered-cci). | Average of 10x |
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|[Nonclustered B-tree indexes on a clustered columnstore index](#add-b-tree-nonclustered-indexes-for-efficient-table-seeks)| Use to:<br /><br /> 1. Enforce primary key and foreign key constraints on a clustered columnstore index.<br /><br /> 2. Speed up queries that search for specific values or small ranges of values.<br /><br /> 3. Speed up updates and deletes of specific rows.| 10x on average plus some additional storage for the NCIs.|
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|[Nonclustered columnstore index on a disk-based heap or B-tree index](#add-b-tree-nonclustered-indexes-for-efficient-table-seeks)| Use for:<br /><br />1) An OLTP workload that has some analytics queries. You can drop B-tree indexes created for analytics and replace them with one nonclustered columnstore index.<br /><br />2) Many traditional OLTP workloads that perform Extract Transform and Load (ETL) operations to move data to a separate data warehouse. You can eliminate ETL and a separate data warehouse by creating a nonclustered columnstore index on some of the OLTP tables. | NCCI is an additional index that requires 10% more storage on average.|
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|[Columnstore index on an in-memory table](#use-a-nonclustered-columnstore-index-for-real-time-analytics)| Same recommendations as nonclustered columnstore index on a disk-based table, except the base table is an in-memory table. | Columnstore index is an additional index.|
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## Use an ordered clustered columnstore index for large data warehouse tables
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*Applies to:*[!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse_md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse_md.md)] and starting with [!INCLUDE[sssql22-md](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)]
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*Applies to:*[!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)] and starting with [!INCLUDE[sssql22-md](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)]
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Consider using an ordered clustered columnstore index in the following scenarios:
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To create an empty columnstore index for:
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- [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)] or [!INCLUDE[ssSDS](../../includes/sssds-md.md)], refer to [CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-table-transact-sql.md).
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- [!INCLUDE[ssSDW](../../includes/sssdw-md.md)], refer to [CREATE TABLE (Azure Synapse Analytics)](../../t-sql/statements/create-table-as-select-azure-sql-data-warehouse.md).
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- [!INCLUDEssazuresynapse-md(../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)], refer to [CREATE TABLE (Azure Synapse Analytics)](../../t-sql/statements/create-table-as-select-azure-sql-data-warehouse.md).
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For more information on how to convert an existing rowstore heap or B-tree index into a clustered columnstore index, or to create a nonclustered columnstore index, refer to [CREATE COLUMNSTORE INDEX (Transact-SQL)](../../t-sql/statements/create-columnstore-index-transact-sql.md).
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/relational-databases/indexes/columnstore-indexes-query-performance.md
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Currently, only [!INCLUDE[sssql22-md](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)] and later supports clustered columnstore rowgroup elimination for the prefix of `LIKE` predicates, for example `column LIKE 'string%'`. Segment elimination is not supported for non-prefix use of `LIKE`, such as `column LIKE '%string'`.
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In [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse_md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse_md.md)] and starting with [!INCLUDE[sssql22-md](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)], you can create ordered clustered columnstore indexes, which allow for ordering by columns to aid segment elimination, especially for string columns. In ordered clustered columnstore indexes, segment elimination on the first column in the index key is most effective, because it is sorted. Performance gains due to segment elimination on other columns in the table will be less predictable. For more on ordered clustered columnstore indexes, see [Use an ordered clustered columnstore index for large data warehouse tables](columnstore-indexes-design-guidance.md#use-an-ordered-clustered-columnstore-index-for-large-data-warehouse-tables).
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In [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)] and starting with [!INCLUDE[sssql22-md](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)], you can create ordered clustered columnstore indexes, which allow for ordering by columns to aid segment elimination, especially for string columns. In ordered clustered columnstore indexes, segment elimination on the first column in the index key is most effective, because it is sorted. Performance gains due to segment elimination on other columns in the table will be less predictable. For more on ordered clustered columnstore indexes, see [Use an ordered clustered columnstore index for large data warehouse tables](columnstore-indexes-design-guidance.md#use-an-ordered-clustered-columnstore-index-for-large-data-warehouse-tables).
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Using the query connection option [SET STATISTICS IO](../../t-sql/statements/set-statistics-io-transact-sql.md), you can view segment elimination in action. Look for output such as the following to indicate that segment elimination has occurred. Row groups are made up of column segments, so this may indicate segment elimination. The below SET STATISTICS IO output example of a query, roughly 83% data was skipped by the query:
[!INCLUDE[SQL Server Azure SQL Database Synapse Analytics PDW ](../../includes/applies-to-version/sql-asdb-asdbmi-asa-pdw.md)]
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Learn about which columnstore features available for each version of [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)], and the latest releases of [!INCLUDE[ssSDS](../../includes/sssds-md.md)], [!INCLUDE[ssSDW](../../includes/sssdw-md.md)], and [!INCLUDE[ssPDW](../../includes/sspdw-md.md)].
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Learn about which columnstore features available for each version of [!INCLUDE[ssNoVersion](../../includes/ssnoversion-md.md)], and the latest releases of [!INCLUDE[ssSDS](../../includes/sssds-md.md)], [!INCLUDEssazuresynapse-md(../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)], and [!INCLUDE[ssPDW](../../includes/sspdw-md.md)].
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## Feature summary for product releases
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This table summarizes key features for columnstore indexes and the products in which they are available.
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|Columnstore Index Feature|[!INCLUDE[ssSQL11](../../includes/sssql11-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[ssSQL14](../../includes/sssql14-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sssql16-md](../../includes/sssql16-md.md)]<sup>1</sup>|[!INCLUDE[ssSQL17](../../includes/sssql17-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sql-server-2019](../../includes/sssql19-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sql-server-2022](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sqldbesa](../../includes/sqldbesa-md.md)]<sup>1</sup>|[!INCLUDE[ssSDW](../../includes/sssdw-md.md)]|
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|Columnstore Index Feature|[!INCLUDE[ssSQL11](../../includes/sssql11-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[ssSQL14](../../includes/sssql14-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sssql16-md](../../includes/sssql16-md.md)]<sup>1</sup>|[!INCLUDE[ssSQL17](../../includes/sssql17-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sql-server-2019](../../includes/sssql19-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sql-server-2022](../../includes/sssql22-md.md)]|[!INCLUDE[sqldbesa](../../includes/sqldbesa-md.md)]<sup>1</sup>|[!INCLUDEssazuresynapse-md(../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)]|
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|*----|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|Batch mode execution for multi-threaded queries<sup>2</sup>|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|
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|Batch mode execution for single-threaded queries|||yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|
This article helps you decide when and how to perform index maintenance. It covers concepts such as index fragmentation and page density, and their impact on query performance and resource consumption. It describes index maintenance methods, [reorganizing an index](#reorganize-an-index) and [rebuilding an index](#rebuild-an-index), and suggests an index maintenance strategy that balances potential performance improvements against resource consumption required for maintenance.
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> [!Note]
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> The information in this article does not apply to a dedicated SQL pool in [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse_md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse_md.md)]. For information on index maintenance for a dedicated SQL pool in [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse_md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse_md.md)], see [Indexing dedicated SQL pool tables in [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse_md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse_md.md)]](/azure/synapse-analytics/sql-data-warehouse/sql-data-warehouse-tables-index).
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> The information in this article does not apply to a dedicated SQL pool in [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)]. For information on index maintenance for a dedicated SQL pool in [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)], see [Indexing dedicated SQL pool tables in [!INCLUDE[ssazuresynapse-md](../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)]](/azure/synapse-analytics/sql-data-warehouse/sql-data-warehouse-tables-index).
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## Concepts: index fragmentation and page density
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> Creating and rebuilding nonaligned indexes on a table with more than 1,000 partitions is possible, but is not supported. Doing so may cause degraded performance or excessive memory consumption during these operations. Microsoft recommends using only [aligned indexes](../partitions/partitioned-tables-and-indexes.md#aligned-index) when the number of partitions exceeds 1,000.
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For an [!INCLUDE[ssSDW](../../includes/sssdw-md.md)] table with an ordered clustered columnstore index, `ALTER INDEX REBUILD` will re-sort the data using tempdb. Monitor tempdb during rebuild operations. If you need more tempdb space, scale up the data warehouse. Scale back down once the index rebuild is complete.
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For an [!INCLUDEssazuresynapse-md(../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)] table with an ordered clustered columnstore index, `ALTER INDEX REBUILD` will re-sort the data using tempdb. Monitor tempdb during rebuild operations. If you need more tempdb space, scale up the data warehouse. Scale back down once the index rebuild is complete.
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For an [!INCLUDE[ssSDW](../../includes/sssdw-md.md)] table with an ordered clustered columnstore index, `ALTER INDEX REORGANIZE` does not re-sort the data. To resort data, use `ALTER INDEX REBUILD`.
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For an [!INCLUDEssazuresynapse-md(../../includes/ssazuresynapse-md.md)] table with an ordered clustered columnstore index, `ALTER INDEX REORGANIZE` does not re-sort the data. To resort data, use `ALTER INDEX REBUILD`.
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