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title PolyBase Transact-SQL reference | Microsoft Docs
description To use PolyBase, create external tables for your external data in Hadoop, Azure blob storage, Azure Data Lake Store, SQL Server, Oracle, Teradata, and MongoDB.
ms.date 09/24/2018
ms.prod sql
ms.technology polybase
ms.topic reference
helpviewer_keywords
PolyBase, fundamentals
PolyBase, SQL statements
PolyBase, SQL objects
author MikeRayMSFT
ms.author mikeray
ms.reviewer
monikerRange >= sql-server-linux-ver15 || >= sql-server-2016 || =sqlallproducts-allversions

PolyBase Transact-SQL reference

[!INCLUDEappliesto-ss-xxxx-asdw-pdw-md]

To use PolyBase, you must create external tables to reference your external data.

CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL (Transact-SQL)

CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE (Transact-SQL)

CREATE EXTERNAL FILE FORMAT (Transact-SQL)

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE (Transact-SQL)

CREATE STATISTICS (Transact-SQL)

Note

In order to use PolyBase you must have sysadmin or CONTROL SERVER level permissions on the database.

Prerequisites

Configure PolyBase. See PolyBase configuration.

Create external tables for Hadoop

Applies to: SQL Server (starting with 2016), Parallel Data Warehouse

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

This step is required only for Kerberos-secured Hadoop clusters.

-- Create a master key on the database.  
-- Required to encrypt the credential secret.  
  
CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'S0me!nfo';  
  
-- Create a database scoped credential  for Kerberos-secured Hadoop clusters.  
-- IDENTITY: the Kerberos user name.  
-- SECRET: the Kerberos password  
  
CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL HadoopUser1   
WITH IDENTITY = '<hadoop_user_name>', Secret = '<hadoop_password>';

2. Create External Data Source

-- Create an external data source.  
-- LOCATION (Required) : Hadoop Name Node IP address and port.  
-- RESOURCE MANAGER LOCATION (Optional): Hadoop Resource Manager location to enable pushdown computation.  
-- CREDENTIAL (Optional):  the database scoped credential, created above.  
  
CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE MyHadoopCluster WITH (  
        TYPE = HADOOP,   
        LOCATION ='hdfs://10.xxx.xx.xxx:xxxx',   
        RESOURCE_MANAGER_LOCATION = '10.xxx.xx.xxx:xxxx',   
        CREDENTIAL = HadoopUser1      
);

3. Create External File Format

-- Create an external file format.  
-- FORMAT TYPE: Type of format in Hadoop (DELIMITEDTEXT,  RCFILE, ORC, PARQUET).  
  
CREATE EXTERNAL FILE FORMAT TextFileFormat WITH (  
        FORMAT_TYPE = DELIMITEDTEXT,   
        FORMAT_OPTIONS (FIELD_TERMINATOR ='|',   
                USE_TYPE_DEFAULT = TRUE)

4. Create External Table

-- Create an external table pointing to data stored in Hadoop.  
-- LOCATION: path to file or directory that contains the data (relative to HDFS root).  
  
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE [dbo].[CarSensor_Data] (  
        [SensorKey] int NOT NULL,   
        [CustomerKey] int NOT NULL,   
        [GeographyKey] int NULL,   
        [Speed] float NOT NULL,   
        [YearMeasured] int NOT NULL  
)  
WITH (LOCATION='/Demo/',   
        DATA_SOURCE = MyHadoopCluster,  
        FILE_FORMAT = TextFileFormat  
);

5. Create Statistics

-- Create statistics on an external table.   
CREATE STATISTICS StatsForSensors on CarSensor_Data(CustomerKey, Speed)

Create external tables for Azure blob storage

Applies to: SQL Server (starting with 2016), Azure SQL Data Warehouse, Parallel Data Warehouse

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

-- Create a master key on the database.  
-- Required to encrypt the credential secret.  
  
CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'S0me!nfo';  
  
-- Create a database scoped credential  for Azure blob storage.  
-- IDENTITY: any string (this is not used for authentication to Azure storage).  
-- SECRET: your Azure storage account key.  
  
CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL AzureStorageCredential   
WITH IDENTITY = 'user', Secret = '<azure_storage_account_key>';

2. Create External Data Source

-- Create an external data source.  
-- LOCATION:  Azure account storage account name and blob container name.  
-- CREDENTIAL: The database scoped credential created above.  
  
CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE AzureStorage with (  
        TYPE = BLOB_STORAGE,   
        LOCATION ='wasbs://<blob_container_name>@<azure_storage_account_name>.blob.core.windows.net',  
        CREDENTIAL = AzureStorageCredential  
);

3. Create External File Format

-- Create an external file format.  
-- FORMAT TYPE: Type of format in Hadoop (DELIMITEDTEXT,  RCFILE, ORC, PARQUET).  
  
CREATE EXTERNAL FILE FORMAT TextFileFormat WITH (  
        FORMAT_TYPE = DELIMITEDTEXT,   
        FORMAT_OPTIONS (FIELD_TERMINATOR ='|',   
                USE_TYPE_DEFAULT = TRUE)

4. Create External Table

-- Create an external table pointing to data stored in Azure storage.  
-- LOCATION: path to a file or directory that contains the data (relative to the blob container).  
-- To point to all files under the blob container, use LOCATION='/'   
  
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE [dbo].[CarSensor_Data] (  
        [SensorKey] int NOT NULL,   
        [CustomerKey] int NOT NULL,   
        [GeographyKey] int NULL,   
        [Speed] float NOT NULL,   
        [YearMeasured] int NOT NULL  
)  
WITH (LOCATION='/Demo/',   
        DATA_SOURCE = AzureStorage,  
        FILE_FORMAT = TextFileFormat  
);

5. Create Statistics

-- Create statistics on an external table.   
CREATE STATISTICS StatsForSensors on CarSensor_Data(CustomerKey, Speed)

Create external tables for Azure Data Lake Store

Applies to: Azure SQL Data Warehouse

For more information, see Load with Azure Data Lake Store

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

-- Create a Database Master Key.
-- Only necessary if one does not already exist.
-- Required to encrypt the credential secret in the next step.

CREATE MASTER KEY;

-- Create a database scoped credential
-- IDENTITY: Pass the client id and OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint taken from your Azure Active Directory Application
-- SECRET: Provide your AAD Application Service Principal key.
-- For more information on Create Database Scoped Credential: https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/mt270260.aspx

CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL ADL_User
WITH
    IDENTITY = '<client_id>@<OAuth_2.0_Token_EndPoint>'
    ,SECRET = '<key>'
;

2. Create External Data Source

-- TYPE: HADOOP - PolyBase uses Hadoop APIs to access data in Azure Data Lake Store.
-- LOCATION: Provide Azure storage account name and blob container name.
-- CREDENTIAL: Provide the credential created in the previous step.

CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE AzureDataLakeStore
WITH (
    TYPE = HADOOP,
    LOCATION = 'adl://<AzureDataLake account_name>.azuredatalake.net,
    CREDENTIAL = AzureStorageCredential
);

3. Create External File Format

-- FIELD_TERMINATOR: Marks the end of each field (column) in a delimited text file
-- STRING_DELIMITER: Specifies the field terminator for data of type string in the text-delimited file.
-- DATE_FORMAT: Specifies a custom format for all date and time data that might appear in a delimited text file.
-- Use_Type_Default: Store all Missing values as NULL

CREATE EXTERNAL FILE FORMAT TextFileFormat
WITH
(   FORMAT_TYPE = DELIMITEDTEXT
,    FORMAT_OPTIONS    (   FIELD_TERMINATOR = '|'
                    ,    STRING_DELIMITER = ''
                    ,    DATE_FORMAT         = 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.fff'
                    ,    USE_TYPE_DEFAULT = FALSE
                    )
);

4. Create External Table

-- LOCATION: Folder under the ADLS root folder.
-- DATA_SOURCE: Specifies which Data Source Object to use.
-- FILE_FORMAT: Specifies which File Format Object to use
-- REJECT_TYPE: Specifies how you want to deal with rejected rows. Either Value or percentage of the total
-- REJECT_VALUE: Sets the Reject value based on the reject type.

-- DimProduct
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE [dbo].[DimProduct_external] (
    [ProductKey] [int] NOT NULL,
    [ProductLabel] [nvarchar](255) NULL,
    [ProductName] [nvarchar](500) NULL
)
WITH
(
    LOCATION='/DimProduct/'
,   DATA_SOURCE = AzureDataLakeStore
,   FILE_FORMAT = TextFileFormat
,   REJECT_TYPE = VALUE
,   REJECT_VALUE = 0
)
;

5. Create Statistics

CREATE STATISTICS StatsForProduct on DimProduct_external(ProductKey)

Create external tables for SQL Server

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

     -- Create a Master Key
      CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'S0me!nfo';  
 
     /*  specify credentials to external data source
     *  IDENTITY: user name for external source.  
     *  SECRET: password for external source.
     */
     CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL SqlServerCredentials   
     WITH IDENTITY = 'username', Secret = 'password';

2. Create External Data Source

    /*  LOCATION: Location string should be of format '<vendor>://<server>[:<port>]'.
    *  PUSHDOWN: specify whether computation should be pushed down to the source. ON by default.
    *  CREDENTIAL: the database scoped credential, created above.
    */  
    CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE SQLServerInstance
    WITH ( 
    LOCATION = 'sqlserver://SqlServer',
    -- PUSHDOWN = ON | OFF,
      CREDENTIAL = SQLServerCredentials
    );

3. Create Schema

     CREATE SCHEMA sqlserver;
     GO

4. Create External Table

     /*  LOCATION: sql server table/view in 'database_name.schema_name.object_name' format
     *  DATA_SOURCE: the external data source, created above.
     */
     CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE sqlserver.customer(
     C_CUSTKEY INT NOT NULL,
     C_NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
     C_ADDRESS VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
     C_NATIONKEY INT NOT NULL,
     C_PHONE CHAR(15) NOT NULL,
     C_ACCTBAL DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
     C_MKTSEGMENT CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
     C_COMMENT VARCHAR(117) NOT NULL
      )
      WITH (
      LOCATION='tpch_10.dbo.customer',
      DATA_SOURCE=SqlServerInstance
     );

5. Create Statistics

CREATE STATISTICS CustomerCustKeyStatistics ON sqlserver.customer (C_CUSTKEY) WITH FULLSCAN;

Create external tables for Oracle

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

 -- Create a Master Key
  CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'password';  

  /*  
  * Specify credentials to external data source
  * IDENTITY: user name for external source.  
  * SECRET: password for external source.
  */
  CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL credential_name
  WITH IDENTITY = 'username', Secret = 'password';

2. Create External Data Source

 /* 
 * LOCATION: Location string should be of format '<vendor>://<server>[:<port>]'.
 * PUSHDOWN: specify whether computation should be pushed down to the source. ON by default.
 * CONNECTION_OPTIONS: Specify driver location
 * CREDENTIAL: the database scoped credential, created above.
 */  
 CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE external_data_source_name
 WITH ( 
   LOCATION = 'oracle://<server address>[:<port>]',
   -- PUSHDOWN = ON | OFF,
   CREDENTIAL = credential_name)

3. Create External Table

   /*
   * LOCATION: Oracle table/view in '<database_name>.<schema_name>.<object_name>' format
   * DATA_SOURCE: the external data source, created above.
   */
   CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE customers(
   [O_ORDERKEY] DECIMAL(38) NOT NULL,
   [O_CUSTKEY] DECIMAL(38) NOT NULL,
   [O_ORDERSTATUS] CHAR COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN NOT NULL,
   [O_TOTALPRICE] DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
   [O_ORDERDATE] DATETIME2(0) NOT NULL,
   [O_ORDERPRIORITY] CHAR(15) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN NOT NULL,
   [O_CLERK] CHAR(15) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN NOT NULL,
   [O_SHIPPRIORITY] DECIMAL(38) NOT NULL,
   [O_COMMENT] VARCHAR(79) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN NOT NULL
   )
   WITH (
    LOCATION='customer',
    DATA_SOURCE=  external_data_source_name
   );

4. Create Statistics

 CREATE STATISTICS statistics_name ON customer (C_CUSTKEY) WITH FULLSCAN;

Create external tables for Teradata

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

 -- Create a Master Key
  CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'password';  

  /*  
  * Specify credentials to external data source
  * IDENTITY: user name for external source.  
  * SECRET: password for external source.
  */
  CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL credential_name
  WITH IDENTITY = 'username', Secret = 'password';

2. Create External Data Source

    /*  LOCATION: Location string should be of format '<vendor>://<server>[:<port>]'.
    *  PUSHDOWN: specify whether computation should be pushed down to the source. ON by default.
    * CONNECTION_OPTIONS: Specify driver location
    *  CREDENTIAL: the database scoped credential, created above.
    */  
    CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE external_data_source_name
    WITH ( 
    LOCATION = teradata://<server address>[:<port>],
   -- PUSHDOWN = ON | OFF,
    CREDENTIAL =credential_name
    );

3. Create External Table

     /*  LOCATION: Teradata table/view in '<database_name>.<object_name>' format
      *  DATA_SOURCE: the external data source, created above.
      */
     CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE customer(
      L_ORDERKEY INT NOT NULL,
      L_PARTKEY INT NOT NULL,
     L_SUPPKEY INT NOT NULL,
     L_LINENUMBER INT NOT NULL,
     L_QUANTITY DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
     L_EXTENDEDPRICE DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
     L_DISCOUNT DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
     L_TAX DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
     L_RETURNFLAG CHAR NOT NULL,
     L_LINESTATUS CHAR NOT NULL,
     L_SHIPDATE DATE NOT NULL,
     L_COMMITDATE DATE NOT NULL,
     L_RECEIPTDATE DATE NOT NULL,
     L_SHIPINSTRUCT CHAR(25) NOT NULL,
     L_SHIPMODE CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
     L_COMMENT VARCHAR(44) NOT NULL
     )
     WITH (
     LOCATION='customer',
     DATA_SOURCE= external_data_source_name
     );

4. Create Statistics

      CREATE STATISTICS statistics_name ON customer (C_CUSTKEY) WITH FULLSCAN;

Create external tables for MongoDB

1. Create Database Scoped Credential

 -- Create a Master Key
  CREATE MASTER KEY ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD = 'password';  

  /*  
  * Specify credentials to external data source
  * IDENTITY: user name for external source.  
  * SECRET: password for external source.
  */
  CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL credential_name
  WITH IDENTITY = 'username', Secret = 'password';

2. Create External Data Source

     /*  LOCATION: Location string should be of format '<type>://<server>[:<port>]'.
    *  PUSHDOWN: specify whether computation should be pushed down to the source. ON by default.
    *CONNECTION_OPTIONS: Specify driver location
    *  CREDENTIAL: the database scoped credential, created above.
    */  
    CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE external_data_source_name
    WITH (
    LOCATION = mongodb://<server>[:<port>],
    -- PUSHDOWN = ON | OFF,
      CREDENTIAL = credential_name
    );

3. Create External Table

     /*  LOCATION: MongoDB table/view in '<database_name>.<schema_name>.<object_name>' format
     *  DATA_SOURCE: the external data source, created above.
     */
     CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE customers(
     [O_ORDERKEY] DECIMAL(38) NOT NULL,
     [O_CUSTKEY] DECIMAL(38) NOT NULL,
     [O_ORDERSTATUS] CHAR COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN NOT NULL,
     [O_TOTALPRICE] DECIMAL(15,2) NOT NULL,
     [O_ORDERDATE] DATETIME2(0) NOT NULL,
     [O_COMMENT] VARCHAR(79) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN NOT NULL
     )
     WITH (
     LOCATION='customer',
     DATA_SOURCE= external_data_source_name
     );

4. Create Statistics

      CREATE STATISTICS statistics_name ON customer (C_CUSTKEY) WITH FULLSCAN;

Next steps

For examples of queries, see PolyBase Queries.

See Also

Get started with PolyBase
PolyBase Guide