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title Configure Active Directory authentication with SQL Server on Linux-based containers using adutil
description Step by step on how to configure Active Directory authentication with SQL Server on Linux containers using adutil
author amvin87
ms.author amitkh
ms.reviewer vanto
ms.date 12/10/2020
ms.topic tutorial
ms.prod sql
ms.technology linux
moniker >= sql-server-linux-2017 || >= sql-server-2017 || =sqlallproducts-allversions

Tutorial: Configure Active Directory authentication with SQL Server on Linux containers

Note

adutil is currently in public preview

This tutorial explains how to configure SQL Server on Linux containers to support Active Directory (AD) authentication, also known as integrated authentication. For an overview, see Active Directory authentication for SQL Server on Linux.

This tutorial consists of the following tasks:

[!div class="checklist"]

  • Install adutil-preview
  • Join Linux host to AD domain
  • Create an AD user for SQL Server and set the ServicePrincipalName (SPN) using the adutil tool
  • Create the SQL Server service keytab file
  • Create the mssql.conf and krb5.conf files to be used by the SQL Server container
  • Mount the config files and deploy the SQL Server container
  • Create AD-based SQL Server logins using Transact-SQL
  • Connect to SQL Server using AD authentication

Prerequisites

The following are required before configuring AD authentication:

  • Have an AD Domain Controller (Windows) in your network.
  • Install the adutil-preview tool on a Linux host machine, which is joined to a domain. Follow the Install adutil-preview section below based on the Linux distribution that you're running to install the adutil-preview tool.

Container deployment and preparation

To set up your container, you'll need to know in advance the port that will be used by the container on the host. The default port, 1433, might be mapped differently on your container host. For this tutorial, port 5433 on the host will be mapped to port 1433 of the container. For more information, see our quickstart, Run SQL Server container images with Docker

When registering Service Principal Names (SPN), you can use the hostname of the machine or the name of the container, but you should set it up according to what you'd like to see when you connect to the container externally.

Make sure there is forwarding host (A) entry added in Active Directory for the Linux host IP address, mapping to the name of the SQL Server container. In this tutorial, the IP address of myubuntu host machine is 10.0.0.10, and my SQL Server container name is sql1. We add the forwarding host entry in Active Directory as shown below. The entry ensures that when users connect to sql1.contoso.com, it reaches the right host.

:::image type="content" source="media/sql-server-linux-containers-ad-auth-adutil-tutorial/host-a-record.png" alt-text="add host record":::

For this tutorial, we're using an environment in Azure with three VMs. One VM acting as the windows domain controller (DC), with the domain name contoso.com. The Domain Controller is named adVM.contoso.com. The second machine is a Windows machine called winbox, running Windows 10 desktop, which is used as a client box and has SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) installed. The third machine is an Ubuntu 18.04 LTS machine named myubuntu, which hosts the SQL Server containers. All machines have been joined to the contoso.com domain. For more information, see Join SQL Server on a Linux host to an Active Directory domain.

Note

Joining the host container machine to the domain is not mandatory, as you can see later in this article.

Install adutil-preview

On the Linux host machine, use the following commands to install adutil-preview based on the linux distribution.

Note

For this preview version, we are aware that on certain Linux distributions, if the adutil installation is attempted without the ACCEPT_EULA parameter, the installation experience is hindered. Our recommendation below is to install the adutil-preview tool with ACCEPT_EULA=Y set. You can read the preview EULA ahead of the installation. We are actively working on this and this should be fixed for the GA release.

RHEL

  1. Download the Microsoft Red Hat repository configuration file.

    sudo curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/msprod.repo https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/8/prod.repo

  2. If you had a previous version of adutil installed, remove any older adutil packages.

    sudo yum remove adutil

  3. Run the following commands to install adutil-preview. ACCEPT_EULA=Y accepts the preview EULA for adutil. The EULA is placed at the path /usr/share/adutil/.

    sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y yum install -y adutil-preview

Ubuntu

  1. Import the public repository GPG keys and then register the Microsoft Ubuntu repository.

    curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo apt-key add -
sudo curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/18.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/msprod.list

  2. If you had a previous version of adutil installed, remove any older adutil packages using the below commands

    sudo apt-get remove adutil

  3. Run the following command to install adutil-preview. ACCEPT_EULA=Y accepts the preview EULA for adutil. The EULA is placed at the path /usr/share/adutil/.

    sudo apt-get update
sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt-get install -y adutil-preview

SLES

  1. Add the Microsoft SQL Server repository to Zypper.

    sudo zypper addrepo -fc https://packages.microsoft.com/config/sles/12/prod.repo

  2. If you had a previous version of adutil installed, remove any older adutil packages.

    sudo zypper remove adutil

  3. Run the following command to install adutil-preview. ACCEPT_EULA=Y accepts the preview EULA for adutil. The EULA is placed at the path /usr/share/adutil/.

    sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y zypper install -y adutil-preview

Creating the AD user, SPNs, and SQL Server service keytab

If you don't want the SQL Server on Linux container host to be part of the domain, and haven't followed the steps to join the machine to the domain, then on another Linux machine that is already part of the AD domain, follow the below steps:

  1. Create an AD user for SQL Server and set the SPN using the adutil tool.

  2. Create and configure the SQL Server service keytab file.

Copy the mssql.keytab file that was created to the host machine that will run the SQL Server container, and configure the container to use the copied mssql.keytab. Optionally, you can also join your Linux host that will run the SQL Server container to the AD domain and follow the below steps on the same machine.

Create an AD user for SQL Server and set the ServicePrincipalName using the adutil tool

Enabling AD authentication on SQL Server on Linux containers requires steps 1-3 mentioned below to be run on a Linux machine that is part of the AD domain.

  1. Obtain or renew the Kerberos TGT (ticket-granting ticket) using the kinit command. Use a privileged account for the kinit command. The account needs to have permission to connect to the domain, and also should be able to create accounts and SPNs in the domain.

    [!IMPORTANT] Before you run this command, the host should already be part of the domain as shown in the previous step.

    kinit privilegeduser@DOMAIN.COM

    Example: For the environment described above, my privileged account is amvin@CONTOSO.COM

    kinit amvin@CONTOSO.COM

  2. Using the adutil tool, create the new user that will be used as the privileged AD Account by SQL Server.

    adutil user create --name sqluser -distname CN=sqluser,CN=Users,DC=CONTOSO,DC=COM --password 'P@ssw0rd'

    [!NOTE] Passwords may be specified in any of the three ways:

    • Password flag: --password <password>
    • Environment variables - ADUTIL_ACCOUNT_PWD
    • Interactive input

    The precedence of password entry methods follows the order of options listed above. The recommended options are to provide the password using Environment variables or interactive input, as they more secure compared to the password flag.

    You can specify the name of the account using the distinguished name (-distname) as shown above, or you can also use the Organizational Unit (OU) name as well. The OU name (--ou) takes precedence over distinguished name in case you specify both. You can run the below command for more details:

    adutil user create --help

  3. Register SPNs to the user created above. You can use the host machine name instead of the container name if desired, depending on how you'd like the connection to look externally. In this tutorial, port 5433 is used instead of 1433. This is the port mapping for the container. Your port number could be different.

    adutil spn addauto -n sqluser -s MSSQLSvc -H sql1.contoso.com -p 5433

    [!NOTE]

    • addauto will create the SPNs automatically, provided sufficient privileges are present for the kinit account.
    • -n: Name of the account the SPNs will be assigned to.
    • -s: The service name to use for generating SPNs. In this case, it is for SQL Server service, and hence the service name is MSSQLSvc.
    • -H: The hostname to use for generating SPNs. If not specified, the local host's FQDN will be used. Please provide the FQDN for the container name as well. In this case, the container name is sql1 and the FQDN is sql1.contoso.com.
    • -p: The port to use for generating SPNs. If not specified, SPNs will be generated without a port. SQL connections will only work in this case when the SQL Server is listening to the default port, 1433.

Create the SQL Server service keytab file

Create the keytab file that contains entries for each of the 4 SPNs created previously, and one for the user. The keytab file will be mounted to the container, so it can be created at any location on the host. You can safely change this path, as long as the resulting keytab is mounted correctly when using docker/podman to deploy the container.

To create the keytab for all the SPNs, we can use the createauto option:

adutil keytab createauto -k /container/sql1/secrets/mssql.keytab -p 5433 -H sql1.contoso.com --password 'P@ssw0rd' -s MSSQLSvc

Note

  • -k: Path where you would like the mssql.keytab file to be created. In the above example the directory "/container/sql1/secrets” should already exist on the host.
  • -p: The port to use for generating SPNs. If not specified, SPNs will be generated without a port.
  • -H: The hostname to use for generating SPNs. If not specified, the local host's FQDN will be used. Please provide the FQDN for the container name as well. In this case, the container name is sql1 and the FQDN is sql1.contoso.com.
  • -s: The service name to use for generating SPNs. In this case, it is for SQL Server service, and hence the service name is MSSQLSvc.
  • --password: This is the password of the privileged AD user account that was created earlier.
  • -e or --enctype: Encryption types for the keytab entry. Use a comma-separated list of values. If not specified, an interactive prompt will be presented.

When given a choice to choose the encryption types, you can choose more than one. For this example, we chose aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 and arcfour-hmac. Ensure you choose the encryption type that is supported by the host and domain.

If you’d like to non-interactively choose the encryption type, you can specify your choice of encryption type with the -e argument in the above command. For additional help on the adutil commands, run the command below.

adutil keytab createauto --help

Note

arcfour-hmac is a weak encryption and not a recommended encryption type to be used in production environment.

To create the keytab for the user, the command is:

adutil keytab create -k /container/sql1/secrets/mssql.keytab -p sqluser --password 'P@ssw0rd!'

Note

  • -k: Path where you would like the mssql.keytab file to be created. In the above example the directory "/container/sql1/secrets” should already exist on the host.
  • -p: Principal to add to the keytab.

The adutil keytab create/autocreate doesn't overwrite the previous files, it just appends to the file if already present.

Ensure the keytab created has the right permissions set when deploying the container.

chmod 440 /container/sql1/secrets/mssql.keytab

Note

At this point, you can copy the mssql.keytab from the current Linux host to the Linux host where you would deploy the SQL Server container, and follow the rest of the steps on the Linux host which will run the SQL Server Container. If the above steps were performed on the same Linux host where the SQL Containers will be deployed, then follow the next steps as well on the same host.

Create the config files to be used by the SQL Server container

  1. Create an mssql.conf file with the settings for AD. This file can be created anywhere on the host and needs to be mounted correctly during the docker run command. In this example, we placed this file mssql.conf under /container/sql1 , which is our container directory. The content of the mssql.conf is as shown below:

    [network]
privilegedadaccount = sqluser
kerberoskeytabfile = /var/opt/mssql/secrets/mssql.keytab

    [!NOTE]

    • privilagedadaccount: Privileged AD user to use for AD authentication.
    • kerberoskeytabfile: The path in the container where the mssql.keytab file will be located.

  2. Create a krb5.conf file. Here's a sample shown below. The casing matters on these files.

    [libdefaults]
default_realm = DOMAIN.COM

[realms]
 CONTOSO.COM = {
     kdc = adVM.contoso.com
     admin_server = adVM.contoso.com
     default_domain = CONTOSO.COM
 }

[domain_realm]
 .contoso.com = CONTOSO.COM
 contoso.com = CONTOSO.COM

  3. Copy all files, mssql.conf, krb5.conf, mssql.keytab to a location that will be mounted to the SQL Server container. In this example, these files are placed on the host at the following locations: mssql.conf and krb5.conf at /container/sql1/. mssql.keytab is placed at the location /container/sql1/secrets/.

  4. Make sure there's enough permission on these folders for the user running the docker/podman command. When the container starts, the user needs access to the folder path created. In this example, we provided the below permissions given to the folder path:

    sudo chmod 755 /container/sql1/

Mount the config files and deploy the SQL Server container

Run your SQL Server container, and mount the correct AD configuration files that were previously created as shown below:

sudo docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "SA_PASSWORD=\<YourStrong@Passw0rd\>" \
-p 5433:1433 --name sql1 \
-v /container/sql1:/var/opt/mssql \
-v /container/sql1/krb5.conf:/etc/krb5.conf \
-d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

Note

When running container on LSM (Linux Security Module) like SELinux enabled hosts, you need to mount the volumes using the Z option, which tells docker to label the content with a private unshared label. For more information, see configure the SE Linux label.

Our example would contain the following commands:

sudo docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "SA_PASSWORD=P@ssw0rd" -p 5433:1433 --name sql1 \
-v /container/sql1:/var/opt/mssql/ \
-v /container/sql1/krb5.conf:/etc/krb5.conf \
--dns-search contoso.com \
--dns 10.0.0.4 \
--add-host adVM.contoso.com:10.0.0.4 \
--add-host contoso.com:10.0.0.4 \
--add-host contoso:10.0.0.4 \
-d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest

Note

  • The files mssql.conf and krb5.conf are located at the host file path /container/sql1.
  • The mssql.keytab that was created is located on the host file path /container/sql1/secrets.
  • Because our host machine is on Azure, the AD details in the same order needs to be appended to the docker run command. In our example, the domain controller adVM is in the domain contoso.com, with an IP address of 10.0.0.4. The domain controller runs DNS and KDC.

Create AD-based SQL Server logins in Transact-SQL

Connect to SQL container and run the following commands to create the login, and confirm that it's listed. You can run this command from a client machine (Windows or Linux) running SSMS, Azure Data Studio (ADS), or any other command-line interface (CLI) tool.

create login [contoso\amvin] From Windows
SELECT name FROM sys.server_principals;

Connect to SQL Server using AD authentication.

To connect using SSMS or ADS, log in to the SQL Server with Windows credentials using the SQL Server name and port number (name could be the container name or the host name). For our example, the server name would be sql1.contoso.com, 5433.

You can also use a tool like sqlcmd to connect to the SQL Server in your container.

sqlcmd -E -S 'sql1.contoso.com, 5433'

Next Steps